Why The Fed Will Not Launch QE3
Interest-Rates / Quantitative Easing Sep 09, 2012 - 10:46 AM GMTBy: Tony_Pallotta
Whether the Fed decides to launch QE3 this week is far more a complex decision than they lead us to believe. It is not as simple as monitoring economic data and deciding whether to expand the balance sheet or not.
Yet the Fed rarely discusses what that other criteria is in making such an important decision. The recent Jackson Hole speech by Chairman Bernanke did offer some insight to the other factors, as well as his recent Congressional testimony.
And there are many factors to consider beyond a weaker than expected non-farm payroll. From inflation and market liquidity to balance sheet risk and confidence the Fed needs to weigh all the risks and rewards in finding the right balance.
I am not a fan of the Chairman's policy but do not believe he is a mad man, determined to "support the banks" at all costs. I don't believe he intends to expand the balance sheet to create massive inflation. Nor do I believe a drop in equity prices will be an automatic trigger of QE. But I do believe we will never understand the true nature of the Fed's decision making policy. We have no idea of the political pressure being applied (remember Chuck Schumer's comments) for example.
But based on what we do know, my belief is the risks currently outweigh the rewards. And that is why I continue to believe we will not see QE3 launched this Thursday.
Inflation VS Deflation
This is the biggest factor in my view. In a slowing global economy the risk is one of deflation. There is simply no overheating economic output to push demand above supply and force prices to rise (beyond abnormal weather patterns). In the summer of 2010 there was a clear deflationary trend. And that was the basis to launch QE2. The Fed had "room" to risk creating an inflationary threat. And that is exactly what QE2 created. In combatting the deflationary risk, inflation expectations have since pushed up to the 2% upper limit targeted by the Fed.
So now absent any deflationary risk, there is no further "room" for inflation expectations to expand. While the economy represents a deflationary risk, expanding the balance sheet represents an inflationary risk. The two must be balanced. And balanced they are right now. Though one could argue based on levels now pushing 2.5% that there is an inflationary bias.
That alone says the Fed cannot launch QE3. Yes, a simple subtraction of TIPS and nominal yields answers a mighty daunting question. Just look at what happened during QE2. Ten year inflation expectations moved from 1.5% to 2.6% in about six months. That alone told you there was no way QE3 would come immediately thereafter.
Five Year Expectations
Ten Year Expectations
Thirty Year Expectations
Market Function
Chairman Bernanke outlined the following risk to expanding the Fed balance sheet during his Jackson Hole speech.
"Conceivably, if the Federal Reserve became too dominant a buyer in certain segments of these markets, trading among private agents could dry up, degrading liquidity and price discovery. As the global financial system depends on deep and liquid markets for U.S. Treasury securities, significant impairment of those markets would be costly, and, in particular, could impede the transmission of monetary policy. For example, market disruptions could lead to higher liquidity premiums on Treasury securities, which would run counter to the policy goal of reducing Treasury yields."
And this week UBS highlighted how the Fed may have pushed the limits in finding such a balance (courtesy of ZeroHedge).
"the Fed owns all but $650 billion of 10-30 year nominal Treasuries." Also as pointed out above, Twist 2, aka QE 3.5 is already absorbing all of the long end supply. And herein lies the rub. To quote UBS: "Taking out, say, $300 billion in long-end Treasuries almost certainly would put tremendous pressure on liquidity in that market....Ploughing ahead with a large, fixed size QE program could cause liquidity to tank."
Less Is More
Rising prices for non-discretionary purchases like food and fuel amid a fixed consumer income will reduce demand for discretionary purchases. The result, "more" QE would likely inflate demand away, causing economic weakness, contrary to what the Fed is trying to stimulate. And from a political standpoint, with stock prices elevated going into the election, the risks shift to rising prices at the pump to upset voters. Why else has the SPR release rumor surfaced twice in just the past month.
Going It Alone
Other than a muted policy response from the ECB this week (sterilized and conditional), no other central banks have been aggressive in altering policy. In fact China through reverse repurchase operations is removing liquidity in an attempt to combat food inflation. Why would the Fed launch their own effort when no one else is? Remember, the Fed may still need to fight the monetary war on another front if and when Europe deteriorates and TALF type facilities are needed by MS and others with such exposure.
Balance Sheet Risk
Again during Jackson Hole, Chairman Bernanke was quoted.
"A fourth potential cost of balance sheet policies is the possibility that the Federal Reserve could incur financial losses should interest rates rise to an unexpected extent. "
If inflation were to truly take off, the Fed would be powerless to stop. Unless they wanted to incur some serious losses. The Fed would be selling debt securities to soak up liquidity into a market in decline. Any rise in yield would directly result in a drop in market value for the underlying assets they own.
Imagine the Fed having to acknowledge such a blunder. It would crush any remaining confidence investors have, another risk highlighted during the Chairman's speech
"A second potential cost of additional securities purchases is that substantial further expansions of the balance sheet could reduce public confidence in the Fed's ability to exit smoothly from its accommodative policies at the appropriate time."
Bottom Line
By no means is the above meant to be an all inclusive list of factors going into the "QE decision." There are many I simply am not aware of such as political pressure (on both sides of the aisle). But when I put it all together, with a big focus on inflationary risks, I do not see the Fed acting this week.
I am not naive though. And I do remain a bit cautionary of the unknowns and how the members of the FOMC weigh each risk and reward. People like Charles Evans and Eric Rosengren truly scare me. But the Chairman may have made it very simple for us to understand what the FOMC will do on Thursday. He finished his Jackson Hole speech as follows.
"Overall, however, a balanced reading of the evidence supports the conclusion that central bank securities purchases have provided meaningful support to the economic recovery while mitigating deflationary risks."
The environment today versus two years ago when QE2 was launched is completely different. The balance between risk and reward is far more skewed towards risk. QE3 would not allow the Chairman to make such a proud and confident statement. Instead he would be forced to say something like the following.
"Capital losses were incurred to mitigate uncontrolled inflationary risks."
With a little over a year left in his tenure, that is not the legacy he wants to be known for. The man who truly blew up the Fed.
By Tony Pallotta
Bio: A Boston native, I now live in Denver, Colorado with my wife and two little girls. I trade for a living and primarily focus on options. I love selling theta and vega and taking the other side of a trade. I have a solid technical analysis background but much prefer the macro trade. Being able to combine both skills and an understanding of my "emotional capital" has helped me in my career.
© 2012 Copyright Tony Pallotta - Disclaimer: The above is a matter of opinion provided for general information purposes only and is not intended as investment advice. Information and analysis above are derived from sources and utilising methods believed to be reliable, but we cannot accept responsibility for any losses you may incur as a result of this analysis. Individuals should consult with their personal financial advisors.
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