The Federal Reserve: Stupid Bank Robbers or Robber “Hood” Barons: A Psychohistory Analysis
Politics / Central Banks Dec 30, 2010 - 05:16 AM GMTBy: Katherine_Smith
	 
	
 The Federal Reserve (or “Fed”) is a “hot  topic” on the Internet. However, it is my  belief that I am the only one, who writes: “The Federal Reserve isn’t  evil because they print our money and make us (the U.S. Taxpayers) pay interest  on it. They are evil because, until October 2008, the Fed gave us a no-limit  credit card that we used to buy houses, cars, RVs, TVs and DVDs—the “stuff”  which, according to the GEO4, a  massive United Nations Report, put the planet at the unknown points of no return.”  [1]
The Federal Reserve (or “Fed”) is a “hot  topic” on the Internet. However, it is my  belief that I am the only one, who writes: “The Federal Reserve isn’t  evil because they print our money and make us (the U.S. Taxpayers) pay interest  on it. They are evil because, until October 2008, the Fed gave us a no-limit  credit card that we used to buy houses, cars, RVs, TVs and DVDs—the “stuff”  which, according to the GEO4, a  massive United Nations Report, put the planet at the unknown points of no return.”  [1] 
  
 
G. Edward Griffin, author of, The Creature from Jekyll Island, a work considered by Ron Paul to be “a superb analysis of the Federal Reserve,” has this to say about the Fed:  “(The  Fed) Is nothing more or less than a cartel. It’s no different than an oil  cartel, a banana cartel or a sugar cartel. It happens to be a banking cartel  and, like all cartels, it’s made up of the big players in that industry who get  together and set rules to reduce or eliminate competition among themselves and  regulate their own industry. And they regulate not in the best interests of the  people, of course. Because it is a cartel, they regulate to their own  advantage, but then they always go to great lengths to convince the people that  they are regulating in such a way that it is in the best interest of the  people.”  Is The Fed Dead? Let’s Ask G. Edward Griffin For His Expert View, http://radio.rumormillnews.com/podcast/2010/09/28/gedwardgriffin/
The Fed is a cartel financed  by the biggest player in the world, the House of Rothschild. [2]
In recent years, the power of the cartel has been consolidated into the hands of Lehman Brothers, Goldman Sachs, the Rockefeller family, and the J.P. Morgan interests, the Global Financial Elite (TGFE, an non-conspiracy term). [3]
Griffin along with just about everyone else in  the world are sure they know How Wall Street Shafted Main Street and that corporate greed and political corruption are undermining America, Pigs at the Trough, Arianna Huffington. [Appendix  A] 
  We are conditioned to believe everything is about money, power, greed  and corruption. Therefore we are not aware of the great lengths to which the  six companies that control 96% of the media go to sell a Corporatocracy  (another non-conspiracy term) driven agenda. [4]
   
  The really inconvenient truth is that TGFE regulate in the “best” interests of the people. [5]
Altruism at the Federal Reserve
Pretend for a moment it is the beginning of the  20th century and you are one of the founding members of the Fed, Lazard Freres  (Eugene Meyer), Warburg, Strong, Vanderlip or J.P. Morgan. 
You and your friends, along with the richest man in history, John D.  Rockefeller, own or control one-sixth of the entire world’s wealth—the world’s real wealth: raw materials, commodities, iron ore, bauxite,  petroleum, copper, lead, silver and gold. [Appendix  B]
Would you trade your real wealth for the money you created out of thin air? [Appendix  C]
  Would you give up your real wealth to provide the middle class with 75 years of  unprecedented prosperity in the houses, second houses, RVs, all that “stuff”  manufactured from the raw materials you owned or controlled in 1910?
  Or would you give up your raw materials to employ  the middle class in building airplanes, ships, cars, RVs, SUVs, office  buildings, freeways and shopping malls from the raw materials you owned or  controlled in 1910?  
  Let’s say you own a bar of gold and a Monopoly  money printing press. Would you trade that bar of gold for the Monopoly money  you printed?
  The monopoly money you loaned (gave) to the  middle class (profane) was used to consume, as in used up, the iron ore,  bauxite, petroleum, copper, lead, aluminum, plastics, glass and rubber that you had in 1910. 
  Even a child can understand you don’t get rich  exchanging real wealth for about $500  trillion of the Monopoly money you created over the last 75 years.
  Now that the U.S. National Debt is mathematically  impossible to pay off, we are left with only two alternatives: 1) issue our own  currency and pay off the debt or 2) repudiate (default) on the debt. [6]
  You don’t need a degree from an Austrian school  of economics to realize who is the biggest loser in this upside down Ponzi  scheme: When I owe you $120,000 dollars,  I am in trouble; when I owe you $12 trillion dollars, you are in trouble.  
  Anyone who tells you that the American taxpayer,  at any point over the past 75 years, “suffered/paid for/was inconvenienced” by  our National debt needs to have their foot put back in their mouth.
  Since 1980, when Vice President H.W. Bush (not  Reagan) doubled the debt during the Reagan administration, the tax rate has  gone down. [7]
  
  The  Federal Reserve in Action (“ruining the country”)
  
  When the American economy headed into a recession  at the end of the dot-com bubble, the Federal Reserve began slashing short-term  interest rates until they reached a historically low one percent. The move  re-inflated the economy by allowing homeowners to extract $750 billion in  equity from their homes—up from $106 billion in 1996—and apply the dollars  toward a multitude of consumer items and other credit card debt.
  As interest rates plummeted and alleged home  equity artificially soared, buyers were able to afford first and second homes,  and they did it by taking out risky mortgages with “teaser rates” similar to  those offered by the credit card industry. Even as interest rates adjusted  upward, the sponsoring banks used complicated financial derivatives to resell  the risky mortgages as “asset-backed paper.”
  As housing prices edged downward and mortgage  rates inched upward, the recession was put on hold with the help of an  astonishing 10 to 12 credit card offers per month being delivered to some  consumer mailboxes. The credit card companies issued 1.5 billion cards to 158  million cardholders and promised an improbable zero percent interest—some deals  for up to 18 months. (Similar to mortgage debt, the credit card debt is put  into pools, also known as derivatives, that are then resold to investment  houses, other banks and institutional investors.)
  Direct  and Indirect Money Creation
  Not only is virtually the entire money supply  created directly by the Fed, but a mere handful of very big banks indirectly  create hundreds of trillions of dollars using a massive innovative “risky”  investment scheme known as “derivatives.” [Appendix  A]
  According to the Comptroller of the Currency, the  books of U.S. banks now carry over $180 trillion in the form of derivatives.  
  The derivatives represent the money created  world-wide since 1910—out of thin air. About 40 percent of the $10.5 trillion  U.S. national debt is owed to the Fed. But the loss to TPTB, if the U.S.  defaults on that debt, won’t be $4.2 trillion or even $180 trillion, but about  $500 trillion--money created out of thin air over the past 100 years to pay for  our consumer society.
  To make absolutely sure we don’t ask any  questions about where this massive amount of monopoly money is coming from and  who benefited, the banking system has been contrived so that these big banks  always [appear] to get bailed out by the taxpayers when in actual fact TPTB  directly and indirectly is picking up the tab. [8]
  The Federal Reserve is guilty of manipulating the  short-term interest rates and the money supply until October 2008, but the  beneficiary of this almost unlimited liquidity crime was the American consumer. Was the 2008  Financial Collapse An Inside Job? [Appendix  A]
  The  Experts Know Something Is Wrong
  On September 28, 2010, Rumor Mill News Radio host Rayelan  Allen interviewed noted author G. Edward Griffin. Griffin tells Rayelan  that the Fed is just a “gigantic legalized plunder machine”:
  “It’s  a machine that was put into place by the Federal Reserve Act in which the  banks, in this case the cartel, are able to able to legally plunder the  American People.”
  Later in the interview, Griffin contradicts  himself when asked “how can a bank fail when it creates money out of nothing  and collects interest on it?”
  “It  seems like it would be impossible, but there is a downside to this little  trick. When the banks create money out of nothing and it goes into circulation  on their books they have to do a double entry; it’s an asset and a liability at  the same time.
  It’s  an asset because it produces income for them and it’s supposed to be paid back,  but it’s a liability because if it’s not paid back, they (The Fed) have to pay  it back.
  That  money has to be withdrawn from circulation and just as it is created out of  nothing it has to go back into nothing. It involves a bookkeeping entry. It’s  just a bookkeeping entry but it could be devastating to the solvency of a  company.
  So…let’s  not make this too long and complicated. Let’s say Mr. Smith borrows 3,000  dollars to buy one of those BIGGG wide screen TVs and the bank creates the  money out of nothing and gives it to him. Mr. Smith then gives the 3,000  dollars to the store that sold the TV and they give some of the money to the  company that manufactured the TV, and so on. That money is now in circulation  and is backed by debt. 
  The  way the contract is supposed to work is that Mr. Smith pays the money back  gradually, a little bit every month, plus interest and at the end of the  process, the money has gone back out of existence back into the vaults, or back  into the inkwell.
  So  money is always going into existence and out of existence at the same time, but  it has to be paid back in order to go out of existence in an acceptable manner.
  If  Mr. Smith suddenly decides he cannot or will not pay back his loan, then that  loan must be written off of the bank’s account and their assets reduced by that  3,000 dollars. That means the value to the stockholders is reduced by 3,000  dollars. 
  And, lo and behold, even though the money was  created out of nothing in the first place, somebody’s  got that money and the bank has to pay it back or the bank stockholders will  have to pay it back.
  So it’s really a devastating event. [Yes Ed, I agree it’s a devastating event, but not for Mr. Smith, who  is watching his $3,000 TV set]
  When  you keep loaning more than you should, if you are a bank, and you start making  unwise loans, and you loan far more money than the borrowers can realistically  pay…you loan hundreds of millions, if not billions of dollars to large  corporations that are going down, down, down and you know they aren’t going to  recover, but you loan them money anyway, or you loan billions and billions to  countries, third world countries you know aren’t going to be able to repay,  because their economies are getting worse every year, but you loan them  anyway...so why would a bank do that?” [End  of interview] 
  Ed, we agree with you, why would a bank do that? 
  Answer: they wouldn’t—unless this is a gigantic  legalized plunder machine to legally plunder the real wealth (assets) of the  men in front of, in between and behind the Federal Reserve, TGFE.
  Ron “Sound Money” Paul understands a fiat  currency plunder machine:
  “Our  current system gives us a free ride, our paper (fiat currency) buys cheap goods  from overseas, and foreigners risk all by financing our extravagance.” 
  Ellen Brown, attorney and author of Web of Debt, adds her common cents:
  “Our  money system is not what we have been led to believe. The creation of money has  been “privatized,” or taken over by private money lenders. Thomas Jefferson  called them “bold and bankrupt adventurers just pretending to have money.”  [True, before they did pretend in order to  get control of 1/6th of the world’s wealth. After 1913, they didn’t  have to pretend.]
  On the one, hand she explains: “Banks create the  principal but not the interest to service their loans.”
  But then she admits: “To find the interest, new  loans must continually be taken out, expanding the money supply [actually  creating even more debt, potentially] inflating prices — and robbing you of the  value of your money.”
  However true, her statement is misleading. Ellen’s  concern is about hyperinflation, a real possibility in the future, but the  “you” includes the scoundrels behind the Federal Reserve, who will be the  biggest losers.
  While our miniscule savings (the U.S. has the  lowest saving rate in the world) will be wiped out by inflation, we’ll still  have our $3,000 TV set. 
  What will TGFE be doing with their trillions?  Trying to buy a loaf of bread.  
  Finally, Ellen notes that regardless of whether  the interest is created or not created, the net effect is always:
  “Interest-free  loans that are never paid off are basically free money. In 2008, 85% of the  interest collected by the Federal Reserve was returned to the Treasury. The  average interest rate on Treasury securities today is only about 3%; 15% of 3%  is less than ½% – such a negligible interest as to make the money nearly free.”
  And on the cartel she has this to say:
  “It  is a cartel, designed to serve the banks.   But the banks themselves are the source of our credit, and we need  credit.  It is strange that everyone is  happy when credit is flowing and the good times are rolling; then we all blame  the banks when credit collapses, and say it was their fault for letting credit  flow so easily in a ‘bubble’.” 
  Ellen Brown, to her credit, focuses on a solution  that would lead us to a sustainable economy. Click here to read  about North Dakota, the only state in the union to own its own bank. 
  Psychohistory:  “the science of historical motivation”
  Why would economists, politicians and historians  continue with a Corporatocracy rant they know to be false?
  The answer can be found in the study of  Psychohistory, “the science of historical motivation,” and the principle of  methodological individualism. Broadbeck;  Danto; Mandelbaum
  Methodological  individualism is the theory that “the ultimate constituents of the social world  are individual people. Every complex situation, institution or event is the  result of a particular configuration and the interactions of groups - nations,  gangs or tribes of political parties, rational intelligent individuals,  economists, and historians, have been conditioned from birth (imprinted) to  believe that everything wrong in our society is about greed: the inordinate  desire to acquire or possess more than one needs or deserves, especially with  respect to material wealth.” (Danto, 267).
  The financial system wasn’t “a burden on the  people,” that is, right after TGFE got control of the money supply:
  “They  began to buy government securities at the rate of ten million dollars a week  for 10 weeks, and created one hundred million dollars in new (checkbook)  currency, which alleviated the critical famine of money and credit, and the  factories started hiring people again” Eustice Mullins. Note:  Before 1913, money equaled wealth. After 1913, money was fiat currency, which  did not equal wealth.
  However, corporatocracy, greed, and the “follow  the money” mentality continued to shape the “dispositions and beliefs” of the  politicians, economists, and historians writing about the Federal Reserve  because when the Robber Barons acted in the “interests of the people” (until  October 2008) it resulted in Cognitive Dissonance (CD). 
  CD is the discomfort felt at the discrepancy  between what you already know or believe, and new information or interpretation  that contradicts a strongly held belief system.
  Without the framework of a conspiracy theory to  explain the “new information” of altruistic behavior, Mullins, Griffin, Paul  and Brown had no choice but to regress to a “greedy” explanation that for them was  at least mentally comfortable.
  All  of The Media is Controlled [9]
  To make matters worse, the media engages in a  nonstop barrage of negativity and disinformation surrounding the “alleged”  illegal and immoral acts committed by the Corporatocracy. [10]
  We accept the media is controlled:
Not every  item of news should be published. Rather must those who control news policies  endeavor to make every item of news serve a certain purpose, Joseph Paul Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda  Minister 
However, when we are exposed to information we  believe to be true (the scoundrels steal our money), we don’t question the news  item even if it is false (the scoundrels don’t steal our money).
  Alternatively, when we are exposed to information  we believe to be false (the scoundrels don’t steal our money), we don’t  question the news item even if it is true (the scoundrels don’t steal our  money).
  The reality is the scoundrels don’t steal our  money. But when we are exposed to the mis and disinformation media campaign surrounding  the Fed, we create negative energy and wallow in self-pity instead of creating  positive energy, forming local sustainable communities like http://cityrepair.org.
  Conclusion
  Without the connection that the environmental  damage and pollution were the goal and not the unintended consequences of the  Industrial Revolution and our consumer society for Mullins, Griffin,  Paul and Brown it was choice between two absurd theories: Liberté,  Enlightenté, Entitleté 
  The  Evil Robber Barons are inept, clueless or just “stupid” because since 1913 they  have exchanged their real wealth for $500 trillion of fiat currency (Monopoly  money) they printed so the middle class could have houses, cars, RVs, TVs and  DVDs—the “stuff” which put the planet, at the “unknown points of no return”.
  Or
The  Evil Robber Barons are benevolent and wanted the middle class to have the  highest standard of living for the last 75 years and didn’t know the planet  would be in “dire environmental straits because humanity’s footprint [its  environmental demand] is 21.9 hectares per person while the Earth’s biological  capacity is, on average, only 15.7 ha/person.”
  Therefore,  Mullins, Griffin, Paul and Brown chose to make the Evil Robber Barons  “the villains” we love to hate, rather than confuse the world.
  Robert  Singer writes about Secrets,  Sentient Creatures and The Federal Reserve at The Peoples  Voice and The Market  Oracle (rds2301@gmail.com)
  “If you make people think they're thinking,  they'll love you; but if you really make them think, they'll hate you.”-- Don  Marquis
  Footnotes:
  [Click  here to read the Appendices]
  [1] February 21, 2009 Ellen Brown writes:  “Funding the government’s budget shortfall has usually been left to private  lenders; but those loans are drying up, and servicing them is proving  expensive. Both this interest burden and the need to continually attract new  lenders could be avoided by tapping into the government’s credit line at its own  central bank.” Monetize  This!: Resolving a Spiraling Public Debt Crisis  
  However, since October 2008, The  Bank of the Fed is Closed…Forever.
  The Robinhood Barons are now making generous  interest payments to the banks for “parking” their TARP (The Troubled Asset  Relief Program) and other taxpayer bailout money instead of making loans to struggling Americans living in their  cars and in tent cities. The Federal  Reserve is paying banks NOT to make loans to struggling Americans!, Dennis Kucinich    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gkf8VG3HL_8
  [2] Federal  Reserve Directors: A Study Of Corporate And Banking Influence, Published in  1976 “Chart one reveals the linear connection between the Rothschilds and the Bank of England,  and the London banking houses which ultimately  control the Federal Reserve Banks through their stockholdings of bank stock and  their subsidiary firms in New York.
  The two principal Rothschild representatives in  New York, J. P. Morgan Co., and Kuhn, Loeb & Co. were the firms which set  up the Jekyll Island Conference at which the Federal Reserve Act was drafted,  who directed the subsequent successful campaign to have the plan enacted into  law by Congress, and who purchased the controlling amounts of stock in the  Federal Reserve Bank of New York in 1914.
  These firms had their principal officers  appointed to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and the Federal Advisory  Council in 1914. In 1914 a few families (blood or business related) owning  controlling stock in existing banks (such as in New York City) caused those  banks to purchase controlling shares in the Federal Reserve regional banks.” The London Connection, Eustace  Mullins.  
  The  World Pivoted On The Battle Of Waterloo
  
  The vast accumulation of financial and natural resources of the House  of Rothschild Global Financial Empire is legendary. 
“And there was no news more precious than the (predetermined) outcome at Waterloo...”
Considered the turning point in history,  exploiting the Battle of Waterloo gave the Rothschild family complete financial  control of Europe, and soon after, the world.  
  According to one source, at the conclusion of the  revolutions in the late 1800s and when the planet was still in ecological  balance, “it was estimated the House of Rothschild controlled almost half the  wealth of the world.”  National Cyclopaedia d American Biography  by Antony Sutton. The World Order by  Eustice Mullins, Staunton, VA: Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, 1985,  p.92. 
  [3] The Global Financial Elite (TGFE, a variation  of TPTB, a non-conspiracy term coined by G. William Domhoff, a Research  Professor at the University of California [11]) are the Rothschilds of Europe,  Lazard Freres (Eugene Meyer), Kuhn Loeb Company, Warburg Company, Lehman  Brothers, Goldman Sachs, the Rockefeller family, and the J.P. Morgan interests.  These interests have merged and consolidated in recent years, so that the control  is much more concentrated. National Bank of Commerce is now Morgan Guaranty  Trust Company. Lehman Brothers has merged with Kuhn, Loeb Company, First  National Bank has merged with the National City Bank, and in the other eleven  Federal Reserve Districts, these same shareholders indirectly own or control  shares in those banks, with the other shares owned by the leading families in  those areas who own or control the principal industries in these regions. The “local”  families set up regional councils, on orders from New York, of such groups as  the Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and other  instruments of control devised by their masters. They finance and control  political developments in their area, name candidates, and are seldom successfully  opposed in their plans.  Secrets of the Federal Reserve, The London Connection,  Eustace Mullins
  [4] Six Companies Own 96% of the  World’s Media, National Vanguard Books, Who  Rules America? Who Controls The U.S. Media? G. William Domhoff, a research  professor at the University of California.
Corporatocracy, in social theories that focus on conflicts and  opposing interests within society, denotes a system of government that serves  the interest of, and may be run by, corporations and involves ties between  government and business. Where corporations, conglomerates, and/or government  entities with private components control the direction and governance of a  country, including carrying out economic planning notwithstanding the 'free  market' label
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracy
[5] Essays on how TGFE are losing billions.
  12 Dec 2008 - Silver,  But No Silver Lining
  20 Dec 2008 - The  Future of Silver- TELEPATHIC interview with Adam Smith 
  19 Nov 2009 - Show  Me the Money 
  05 Nov 2009 - The  Great U.S. Housing Market Foreclosure Robbery Of The 21st Century 
  20 Nov 2009 - Farms,  Hamburgers, and “Free” Enterprise
  [6] It is now mathematically impossible for the  U.S. government to pay off the U.S. national debt. The truth is that the U.S.  government now owes more dollars than actually exist directly and indirectly to  the Federal Reserve. Even if the U.S. government were to go out and take every  single piece of monopoly money from every single American bank, business and  taxpayer, they would still be massively in debt.
  Former comptroller general of the GAO, David  Walker, estimates it will require over 10% growth from now until the end of  time; something that has never happened, will never happen and is little more  than a pipe dream.
  http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/archives/it-is-now-mathematically-impossible-to-pay-off-the-u-s-national-debt
  http://www.examiner.com/la-county-nonpartisan-in-los-angeles/either-pay-the-national-debt-with-monetary-reform-or-kiss-your-assets-goodbye
[7] Two weeks after taking office, Reagan addressed  the nation on the economy as such:     
  “By 1960 our national debt stood at $284 billion.  Today the debt is $934 billion. We can leave our children with an un-repayable  massive debt and a shattered economy, or we can leave them liberty in a land  where every individual has the opportunity to be whatever God intended us to  be. Together we can forge a new beginning for America.”
  In the same speech, Reagan displays his innocence  of Federal Reserve politics, “Now, in all of this we will, of course, work  closely with the Federal Reserve System toward the objective of a stable  monetary policy.”
  On March 26, 1981 Reagan signs Executive Order  12301 establishing the Presidential Council on Integrity & Efficiency to  review federal programs for inefficiencies and corruption.
  Predictably, four days later, the Federal Reserve  and H.W. Bush “works with” John Hinckley Jr. to instruct Reagan on the first  lesson of Federal Reserve politics. A president can be more popular than the  vice president, but not always more powerful.
  Although the Bush and Hinckley family had long,  close ties overlooked by the press— the brother of the man who tried to kill  the president was acquainted with the son of the man who would have become  president if the attack had been successful—the family connection between Scott  Hinckley and Neil Bush did not escape Alexander Haig, who, after the Reagan  assassination attempt, temporarily prevented Vice President Bush from taking  control of the White House.
  Reagan learned the lesson: he was a figurehead  relegated to witnessing the growth of America’s hyper-consumer society and  national debt from the sidelines.
  Click  here to read the truth about the tax rate and why the  Taxpayers are not paying for the Bailouts. 
  [8] The Fed has been a hotbed of radically  experimental activity in the past year. Ben Gisin is a former banker who has  long been tracking the Fed’s statistical releases. He says he has never seen  anything like it. Assets have been magically appearing on the Fed’s balance  sheet, and they are not coming from any traditional source.  
  What is extraordinary is that the money is being  used to make commercial loans. Consider the radical moves the Fed has already  been taking in the last year. Without so much as a by-your-leave from Congress,  the Fed just “monetized” $1.2 trillion in private debt, turning commercial  loans into money. 
  If private banks and private corporations now  have multi-billion dollar credit lines with the Federal Reserve, then Congress  should have one too. In fact Congress, which gave the Fed its charter to create  the national money supply, should have been the first in line. If the Fed Can “Monetize” Private Debt, It  Can Monetize Public Debt, Ellen Brown
  [9] Rockefeller's own Standard Oil Co. The Ford  Foundation was originally created from Henry Ford's Auto Manufacturing fortune.  But eventually, members of the “Order of Skull and Bones” infiltrated the  foundation and used it's financial power to influence the nature of public  education. -- Antony C. Sutton, America’s  Secret Establishment Liberty House Press, 2027 Iris, Billings Montana  59102.
  [10] Honorable Louis McFadden, Chairman of the  House Banking and Currency Committee, was still under the Robber Baron spell in  the 1930s when he wrote:
  “Some  people think that the Federal Reserve Banks are United States Government  institutions. They are private monopolies which prey upon the people of these  United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers;  foreign and domestic speculators and swindlers; and rich and predatory money  lenders.” 
  [11] G. William Domhoff, a Research Professor at  the University of California, Santa Cruz first coined the non-conspiracy  acronym TPTB. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Miami and has  been teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz, since 1965. Four of  his books are among the top 50 best sellers in sociology for the years 1950 to  1995: Who Rules America? (1967); The Higher Circles (1970); Who Rules America Now? (1983); and the  non-“conspiracy” critique and theory of the U.S. power structure, The Powers That Be (TPTB) in 1979. 
Katherine Smith, PhD mandrell2010@gmail.com
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